J-visas are a special category of visas that have their own rules and restrictions. For example, an individual on a J-visa cannot get an adjustment of status unless they leave the US and reside in their home country for 2 years. There is a waiver for this but it is a difficult waiver to get and has numerous steps.
Second, J-visas are for a short period of time and are intended for cultural exchange purposes. Think of them as long term tourist visas. While the analogy is not perfect it gets the idea across - you are coming to the United States for a longer period of time to become acquainted to American culture. At the same time you are introducing Americans to the language and culture of your home country.
In order to apply for the J-visa you must first be accepted into an exchange program. Each program has their own requirements and it can be difficult to get into a program. Once you get accepted into the program you need to file for a J-visa. J-visas have separate requirements than the exchange program and you may qualify for one but not for the other!
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